Physical hazard

Physical hazard Can physical hazard really cause harm to consumer? Food hazard: A Food hazard can be defined as presence of undesirable matter in food which can cause negative effect on consuming it. There are three types of hazard in food industry: Physical, Chemical and Biological. Physical hazard is any foreign matter in food stuff which can cause injury or illness to a person consuming the product. These could be anything like bits of bone, piece of metal, packaging material, insects, etc. A physical hazard can enter into the food at any stage of the food production. The sources for these contaminants are raw materials, poorly maintained facilities and equipments, untrained employees, poor production procedure. To eliminate these hazards it is important to implement HACCP along with the Pre-requisite programmes such as good manufacturing practice, good hygiene, etc. It is considered to be quality issue and not as safety. A person consuming a food with physical hazard could be subjected to various risks. It can cause lacerations to mouth or throat. damage to teeth or gums. damage to stomach or intestine. How do they enter into foods? Physical hazards can enter into any stage of the production. Below are the listed out few examples. Metal: sources could be from machineries, hair, bits from knife, broken needles, and parts from vessels. Glass: sources can be broke bulbs, window panes, glass containers. Plastic: sources can be from packaging material, chopping boards, storage containers, gloves etc. Soil and stone: main sources can be from the field crops and also from the floors and ceiling of the factory. Classification of physical hazards: These are classified on their level of risks to the consumer. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has categorized physical hazards into three: Category I Category II Category III The category I expresses high risk, category II with a moderate risk and category III with the low risk of any cases due to physical hazard. The low risk zone expresses that there are good control measures in place but minor infractions occur. The moderate risk zone results in average control measures established and inconsistencies occur. The high risk results in due to little or no control and has major infractions occur. Every food has its own levels of risk and every food stuffs have to be monitored and made sure that appropriate control measures are in place to eliminate the hazard to an acceptable limit. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Objects which are hard or sharp of size 7-25mm in length represent potential physical hazard in food. Natural hard or sharp components like shells can cause injury to consumers if they do not know that they are a natural food component. Natural hard and soft objects which are usually removed in foods but are 100% effective such as presence of bone in fish fillets. Elimination of Physical hazards: There are systems and methods to eliminate physical hazard to an acceptable limit. HACCP and pre requisite programme is very important and effective. But to focus on the point of entry of hazards would be more effective, which are raw materials, storage and specifications. Inspection of raw material and food ingredient for any contaminants Eg: stones in rice. Storage Good storage practice and evaluation of potential risks in storage area Eg: Bulbs, insects, wooden pallets, etc. Could be prevented using bulb cover, prevention of insects. Specifications and control for all ingredients and components including raw materials and packaging materials. The specifications must comply with the rules. Eg: A limit of detection should be established to avoid false detection. Installing effective detection device and eliminating physical hazards. Eg: Metal detectors, filters etc). Periodic checking and upgrade of equipments in facilities to avoid source of physical hazards such as nuts and bolts from worn out equipments. Employment training on shipping, storing and handling of food materials will also help reducing physical hazards. How can physical hazards be detected and eliminated? There are different types of methods to detect physical hazards. Metal detectors will help in detecting metals in food stuffs. They can set up to products from the production line if metal is detected. It is also essential to check the detectors frequently to be accurate. X- Ray machines can also be used on food production lines to detect hazards such as stones, plastics, bones and metals, etc. Visual inspection could also help in a few cases of physical hazards. Chicken manufacturing factory: Let us consider process of raw breast chicken factory and the physical hazards involved. The process starts by getting the raw chicken from the primary producer. This is exercised by relying on supplier quality assurance (SQA) and this guarantee the supplier is meeting the specification of the buyer and the product is safe from hazards till the time of delivering it to the buyer. The chicken is cut; the skin is removed and cleaned. At this stage, physical hazards involved are pieces from the chopping board, chipped bits of knife, bones, feathers, etc. The hazards caused by these can be prevented by having good maintenance of the equipments along with proper training for the staffs. SSOPs (Sanitation Standard operating procedures) can help very much in cleaning of the machineries and equipments. This holds all records for cleaning routines in a daily basis and is signed off by a staff stating that the machine is free from any debris from the previous routine and is working up to its l evel. This is made mandatory in Meat and poultry operations from 1997 because of the products lower threshold of getting spoilt. The chicken is then packed and stored below 4C. Packing itself has high probability for physical hazards to be introduced, for example the packaging material, the labels used etc. Packing material can be a hazard and hence visual inspection can be done to ensure the packing. A detailed example for SSOP is given below to sanitize automated labelling machine. This is done on a daily basis and weekly once for cleaning the inside parts. Removal of all debris and physical matter. Wiped by a clean cloth dipped in soap water. A thin spray of QUATS (Ammonium compound) solution is applied and made to dry. Visual inspection is done to ensure that the machine is clean. If anything is broken it is always compulsory to call maintenance team to fix it. Once a physical hazard has been detected, an effective program should be exercised immediately to eliminate these threats or bring it to an acceptable level. HACCP will help to bring down the risk to an acceptable level or clear out every physical hazard from the system. Auditing process would bring out the area of weakness in the production cycle. Make sure that the CCPs (Critical control point) are covered by the respective critical limits. All the process is to be written into a record for future use in case of emergencies. A regular auditing will help the production within safe limits and not leading to any disaster. More assistance can be obtained from consulting services, trained HACCP professionals, on-site training for workers etc. Therefore to prevent any risk of food incidents to consumers and from economic downfall, it is obvious to identify and understand the prone hazards. Make sure effective control measures are in place that would reduce or remove any hazards entry sit uation. A well developed HACCP plan will help solve most of the possible hazard situation and a well controlled quality control system will be of a good support. Taking up these steps would ensure that a food produced in a factory is safe from any possible physical hazards. Reference: 1) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/start/Identifying%20Hazards%20Physical%20Hazards%20July%202003.pdf 2) http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/foodsafety/processor/pdf/cfs02s74.pdf 3) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/start/physical.html 4) http://www.foodsafety.com/haccp.html#five 5) http://cnx.org/content/m33333/latest/ 6) http://www.jphpk.gov.my/Agronomi/KAV/5HACCP1.pdf 7) http://foodsafety.unl.edu/haccp/prerequisites/sop.html

Education †School Essay

Education is a vital process that enables pupils and students to acquire knowledge and skills that can earn them a living and a respectable life. Within most education systems are measures such as user charges and cost recovery. These measures are put forward so as to improve the quality of education. In Sub-Saharan Africa countries, the user charges and cost recovery measures have been criticised by some people on equity grounds although within the same region other people have defended the measures based on the same grounds. This essay therefore, intends to identify and discuss the various dimensions of user charges and cost recovery measures in education as well as to propose an alternative for user charges and other cost recovery measures in the Zambian education system. In order to have a wider understanding of this essay, the key words that are frequently appearing should be defined. According to (Jiminez, 1987) user charges are defined as a fee for service or a direct charge for the provision of a good or service by the Government in an open market while cost recovery is the regain of the costs of government-provided or funded products, services or activities that, at least in part, provide private benefits to individuals, entities or groups, or reflect the costs their actions impose. User charges fall within the broader concept of cost sharing which involves the contributions from users towards the cost of the particular service that they benefit from such as education, health and water (Terme, 2002). Cost sharing takes a wide range of forms such as direct charges and indirect charges. Examples of direct charges in education are charging fees for tuition and for school writing materials while the indirect charges include in kind contributions such as maintenance, construction and furniture. Such in kind contributions must equate to the official fees of the services provided. User charges however, are direct charges or fees which in the education system may include PTA funds which the school can use for the construction of ablution blocks and class room blocks. Examples of user charges in public offices include fee for a copy of a marriage, birth or death certificate. Cost recovery measures may include the products, services and different activities such as: recreational services; minerals and petroleum services; registration and licensing activities that the government offers to people that have costs (Lockheed and Verspoor, 1990). These costs can be recovered by either the users or other people who benefit from goods, services or activities. They can also be recovered from taxpayers. The education systems such as colleges offer teaching programs to students, the students benefit from such programs by acquiring skills and knowledge for teaching in other government or private schools. Since colleges have to buy chemicals for school laboratories, they also have to provide internet services, white board makers and other educational activities. The colleges have to find other ways of recovering such costs so as to maintain quality in their services. This is usually done by imposing tuition fees for all students, charging boarding fees, book fees as well as internet fees. The resources acquired from user charges and cost recovery measures are said to be equitably distributed to all sectors of economy. Equity is the fairness, justice in the distribution of resources (Kelly, 1999). This concept is normative in nature meaning that it involves the distribution of resources to different areas according to the amount needed and not on equal basis. It is also concerned with the patterns in which cost and benefits are being distributed among different areas of a society. To achieve equity in an area, resources as well as benefits must be distributed unequally that is more to the poor and less to the rich. An action like this should be done because the poor lack sources for income as well as protection hence providing less funds for their schools than the rich. This indicates that most of the poor people largely depend on different resources from the government in order to earn a living. User charges and cost recovery measures in the Sub-Saharan countries are seen by some people to be promoting equity in the education system because they improve the way resources are allocated in all the education institutions (World Bank Policy Research Report, 2001). User charges and cost recovery measures also lead to the effective contribution of resources. This in schools is usually achieved when the value that users place on educational services equal the cost of resources used up in the production of those services. Pupils as well as parents tend to value education, by so doing they put pressure on the school, teachers and the stuff to maintain quality. This increases accountability of education institutions hence the easy detection of problems to do with learning. Accountability in education enhances equity. The proper functioning of the user charges and cost recovery results into meeting and maintain the resource requirements for the education system. In situations when the government is not incapable of providing needed resources the school from the user fees can generate its own needed resources and solve any problem at hand. User charges often ensure the provision of quality leaning through the provision of books and other important learning materials, improved school planning and management, better utilization of teaching staff and reduced unit cost in construction for those who enroll. The vulnerable groups of society can also enroll by paying fees through in kind contribution to the construction of the school and even maintenance of school materials. Therefore, the equity benefits in this instance results from the use of resources in ways that benefit the poorest. Such benefits manifest through improvements in the provision of education in rural areas as well quality of educational services. User charges and cost benefits in the Sub-Saharan countries have been criticised because the vulnerable groups in such societies have been found not to be benefiting from the resources that are said to be distributed on equity. According to (Kelly, 1999) disadvantaged groups of society comprise of the poor, people that are handicapped, the girls or females and those that live in rural areas. With the user charges in the system, children from the poor families may not enroll because these families will have to look at how they will make indirect costs such as transportation, school meals, school provisions and sports as well as direct costs such as school fees and boarding fees. Besides that poor children also lack personal material and are unable to buy materials that are sold at school. With high levels of poverty children cannot be allowed to go to school because they are a source of income in their families especially in areas of farm work and selling. Those that are allowed to go to school usually go on empty stomachs. This affects them negatively in academic performance thus causing inefficiencies in the school system. In addition the school curriculum as well as the culture of learning act as barriers in the educational endeavors of these children because it is too advanced for them to understand and does not relate to their everyday activities. The other dimension is that this type of educational provision does not encompass areas such as rural areas. Education provision in rural areas is poorer than in urban areas (Central Statistics Office, 1997), because most of the teachers sent to teach in these areas are untrained, this in turn leads to poor quality in education; the school buildings and sanitation are so poor such that pupils get less motivated to attend lessons; materials and other supplies are not adequately distributed hence preventing pupils from acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills. The fairness, justification as well as the treatment of all people according to their needs that is said to be an outcome of user charges and cost recovery measures is seen not to apply in such cases. The other dimension that equity distribution does not cater for is that of the handicapped. One of the major problem in this area is lack of accurate information on the number of children with special educational needs (Central Statistics Office, 1994) the second one is the attitude of society to education of people with special needs. Some parents feel ashamed of themselves of having disabled children hence not sending them to school. Education for these children is not provided fully because even if they enroll they do not receive all the facilities they need for quality learning. In the gender dimension, the gender-based constraints to education tend to be more pronounced in rural areas (Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 1985). This is due to the fact that the environment is normally more accommodative of gender inequality. Rural areas display strict traditional cultural values, attitudes and practices, such practices are harmful to girls education for they encourage early marriage, abduction, genital mutilation, sexual violence, excessive domestic chores, male superiority and domination of women are tolerated and encouraged by the community both inside and outside the school and with the user charges imposed, parents will opt to sending male children to school than female ones. Alternative justification for user charges and cost recovery measures in the Zambian education system must involve the participation of the poor; people that stay in the rural areas; the handicapped, the girls and other vulnerable people in society. According to (Carmody, 2004) the Zambia education system has been faced with severe constraints in items of finance. This can be solved by the increase in the sector funding by the government and the private sector. Increased funding in a particular sector increases financial resources. The increased financial resource can be used for the construction of educational facilities for handicapped children as well as building new and better schools in the rural areas. Such resources can also be used for sponsoring the education of children from the poor families in education. This can change the face of education in Zambia if it is effectively implemented. In conclusion, user charges and cost recovery in the Sub-Saharan countries cannot alone bring about equity in the distribution of resources in entire society because such countries are still developing. This means that the presence of a large number of poor people in these countries tends to bring about such irregularities. Therefore, in order for the vulnerable to be fully incorporated into the education system, there would be need for assistance in the form of funding by the government and the private sector. These should also be involved in the provision resources and the running of education system in order for them to counter check the progress of education of the people being sponsored as well as the people sponsoring themselves.

The Recently Leaked Secrets to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Disclosed

The Recently Leaked Secrets to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Disclosed The candidate must demonstrate he or she's not just a fantastic student, but in addition a useful and beneficial member of society. Being a real leader might get you far. Being he is one of the many qualities that you should have to be in NJHS. Being he gives me the opportunity to work in a team and consider my peers' ideas to make our plans creative and enjoyable for everyone. Be attentive as it is merely a sample and you cannot copy it to your work. It continued for almost annually. You're able to order anywhere at any moment. Nowadays you possess the chance to clearly show your potential and a strategy to attain success throughout long classes and studying at home. National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Ideas A superb topic is a fundamental portion of writing a prosperous national junior honor society essay. 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Active members have their distinctive story which makes them unique. There will be a number of pursuits that will help not just our school but in addition members of the community and others who're in need of assistance. I am able to speak to a huge group of people and not even acquire nervous. If I am inducted into NHS I will be pleased to acquire the chance to take part in different events and activities that help men and women in need.

The American Dream in The House On Mango Street by Sandra...

The American Dream, yes everybody has one, it can be from living in a large house and having a million dollars to just having the privilege to live in America and try to make something better for themselves in this new life or new start they are trying to grasp. There are many traditions and dreams of every American today while some dreams are practical and some are not and most of all their dreams are from the heart. The American dream is really simple--it consists of a house a job a car three kids and one dog but this is not always the case. The American Dream can be lived by anyone who tries to make due with what they can afford at the time they are in and the situation that’s upon them.†¦show more content†¦The family in House on Mango Street is not the perfect family but who is? Esperanza the main character in House on Mango Street, is a young girl who looks at life from an experience of living in poverty, where many do not question their experience she did, maybe on accident, but for the better. As a young girl Esperanza is asked one day where she lived by a nun from her school who happened to be walking by. Now before this moment Esperanza never really notice her living situation, all she knew is that her parents loved her and wanted her to go to school. When the nun rudely said â€Å"You live there† (Cinceros 5) and pointed at the shoddy apartment building, it is then Esperanza started to build a dream inside of her head because of the look on the nun’s face, unsatisfactory. Esperanza is a shy but a very bright girl. She dreams of the perfect home now, with beautiful flowers in their luscious garden and a room for everyone to live in comfortably all because of the unsatisfied face the nun made that one afternoon--when she moves to the house of Mango Street. She thinks it’s going to be a â€Å"grand house on a hill that will have a bedroom for everyone and at least three washrooms so when they took a bath they would not have to tell everybody.† (Cinceros 4) Reality is so different for her when her dream is shot down in a heartbeat when sheShow MoreRelatedEssay on The House on Mango Street and the Style of Sandra Cisneros1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe House on Mango Street and the Style of Sandra Cisneros Clearly, Sandra Cisneros writing style is one representative of a minority voice. Her amazing style allows her readers to take an active part in the minority experience. For this reason, I believe Cisneros has had a lot of influence and success in the status of minority writers, especially in the canon of what is read and taught in schools today. 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These personal stories show a stark contrast for any reader of a different culture, andRead MoreThe Lesson, By Toni Bambara And House On Mango Street2493 Words   |  10 Pageswhere there is a never ending struggle to achieve â€Å"the American Dream.† Therefore, children see their parents try their hardest to provide for them while obstacles in society deter them. Society has created social classes or groups to categorize people base on their income and soci-economic status. In the stories, â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Bambara, and â€Å"House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros, these two authors discuss how fulfilling the America Dream is possible once one is willing to work for it. In